More Than a Metaphor

Though some may scoff and grumble, it’s impossible to deny: the human brain resembles a computer. It serves, after all, to process information. Computationalism continues to spark heated, almost ideological debate. Many of these arguments resurface in discussions of artificial intelligence. Critics often point out that the brain is a biological system, that it doesn’t […]

Automated Conversation

Although computers can already do almost everything, they still lack one fundamental ability: to talk to us like one human being talks to another. And we, being only human, are getting increasingly impatient about it. It’s the late 1940s. “Computing machines” are still just cabinets solving mathematical problems, which require a painstaking process of problem-formulation […]

What Came First: Words or Gestures?

Communication is a widespread phenomenon in the animal world, occurring across the entire “tree of life” – and it takes many forms. It can be expressed through gestures (e.g., in great apes), sequences of movements (like birds’ courtship rituals), scents (pheromones released by insects), sounds (e.g., frogs croaking), changes in body coloration (as in cuttlefish), […]