English biophysicist of Indian origin, associated with the Laboratory of Molecular Biology. In 2009, he was awarded, together with Ada Jonath and Thomas Steitz, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on the structure and function of ribosomes. In 2000, his laboratory determined the structure of the 30S subunit of the ribosome and its complexes with various antibiotics. Another study looked at the structural determinants of the mechanisms that ensure the fidelity of the protein biosynthetic process. Later, he and his colleagues were able to establish the molecular structure of the entire ribosome in complex with tRNA and mRNA. He was President of the Royal Society from 2015 to 2020.